ORGANISATION
La sémantique étudie les relations du signifiant (mot) au signifié (contenu, sens) , les changements de sens, la synonymie, la polysémie, la lexicologie (vocabulaire)
La sémantique (la sémantique); Sémiologie, sémiotique ; lexicologie. Dictionnaire, glossaire, lexique.
Sémanticien, sémiologue, sémioticien ; lexicographe, lexicologue
Signification ; référence. - Signifiant, signifié ; référent ou référé. Unité de sens : Sémantème, sème, sémème.
Sens ; acception, définition, dénotation , signification. Le sens d'une phrase dépend de ses éléments constitutifs (mots et syntaxe) , des règles d'usage qui relient ces éléments aux choses, propriétés, situations etc...qu'ils décrivent. Ces relations sont logiques mais aussi affectives et personnalisées (connotations)
Sens ; contenu , signification, valeur,pertinence, raison d'être.
Compréhension (opposée à extension), contenu explicite, contenu sémantique ; monosémie, polysémie ; connotation ; double sens .
Contenu implicite,Caractère, esprit, idée ;
Équivalence, équivalent, synonyme, traduction.
Antonyme, contraire. Contresens , faux-sens ; non-sens .
Sens abstrait (opposé à sens concret) ; sens large (opposé à sens strict) ; sens littéral (opposé à sens dérivé), sens propre (opposé à sens figuré). -
Champ, champ sémantique ou notionnel, réseau ; analogie, antonymie, synonymie ; extension. -
Relations de sens: associations fréquentes entre des groupes de mots (ex: synonymes, antonymes...).
Clef, explication , solution. - Explication ; explicitation ; définition, exégèse , glose, périphrase ; légende. -
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John Langshaw Austin, Quand dire, c'est faire (Seuil, 1991, ISBN 2020125692)
Marc Baratin et Claude Moussy, Conceptions latines du sens et de la signification, Centre Alfred Ernout, 1999.
Rudolf Carnap, Le dépassement de la métaphysique par l’analyse logique du langage (1931), in Antonia Soulez, Manifeste du Cercle de Vienne et autres écrits, PUF, 1985,
Noam Chomsky, Questions de sémantique (Seuil, 1975, ISBN 2020027488)
John Lyons, Eléments de sémantique (Larousse, 1978, I
Bernard Normier, L'apport des technologies linguistiques au traitement et à la valorisation de l'information textuelle, Éditions ADBS, 2007
François Rastier, Sémantique interprétative (Presses Universitaires de France, 1987, 2e éd. revue et augmentée 1996)
Gérard Sabah, L'intelligence artificielle et le langage, Hermès, 1988, 1989,
Alfred Tarski in Gilles-Gaston Granger'et al., Logique, sémantique, métamathématique, 1923-1944 (Armand Colin, 1974)
Irène Tamba, La sémantique (PUF, Que sais-je ?, 2005,
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RELATIONS
COMMUNICATION
Linguistique
Semiotique : théorie générale des signes et de leur articulation dans la pensée
Communication interpersonnelle
Psychosociologie
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- WORDNET large lexical database of words grouped into sets of cognitive synonyms. Accessible through browser as well as WN download
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Table of Contents
NAME
wngloss - glossary of terms used in WordNet system
DESCRIPTION
The WordNet Reference Manual consists of Unix-style manual pages divided
into sections as follows:
Section Description
1 WordNet User Commands
3 WordNet Library Functions
5 WordNet File Formats
7 Miscellaneous Information about WordNet
System Description
The WordNet system consists of lexicographer files, code to convert
these files into a database, and search routines and interfaces that
display information from the database. The lexicographer files organize
nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs into groups of synonyms, and
describe relations between synonym groups. grind <grind.1WN.html>(1WN)
<grind.1WN.html> converts the lexicographer files into a database that
encodes the relations between the synonym groups. The different
interfaces to the WordNet database utilize a common library of search
routines to display these relations. Note that the lexicographer files
and grind <grind.1WN.html>(1WN) <grind.1WN.html> program are not
generally distributed.
Database Organization
Information in WordNet is organized around logical groupings called
synsets. Each synset consists of a list of synonymous words or
collocations (eg. "fountain pen" , "take in" ), and pointers that
describe the relations between this synset and other synsets. A word or
collocation may appear in more than one synset, and in more than one
part of speech. The words in a synset are grouped such that they are
interchangeable in some context.
Two kinds of relations are represented by pointers: lexical and
semantic. Lexical relations hold between semantically related word
forms; semantic relations hold between word meanings. These relations
include (but are not limited to) hypernymy/hyponymy
(superordinate/subordinate), antonymy, entailment, and meronymy/holonymy.
Nouns and verbs are organized into hierarchies based on the
hypernymy/hyponymy relation between synsets. Additional pointers are be
used to indicate other relations.
Adjectives are arranged in clusters containing head synsets and
satellite synsets. Each cluster is organized around antonymous pairs
(and occasionally antonymous triplets). The antonymous pairs (or
triplets) are indicated in the head synsets of a cluster. Most head
synsets have one or more satellite synsets, each of which represents a
concept that is similar in meaning to the concept represented by the
head synset. One way to think of the adjective cluster organization is
to visualize a wheel, with a head synset as the hub and satellite
synsets as the spokes. Two or more wheels are logically connected via
antonymy, which can be thought of as an axle between the wheels.
Pertainyms are relational adjectives and do not follow the structure
just described. Pertainyms do not have antonyms; the synset for a
pertainym most often contains only one word or collocation and a lexical
pointer to the noun that the adjective is "pertaining to". Participial
adjectives have lexical pointers to the verbs that they are derived from.
Adverbs are often derived from adjectives, and sometimes have antonyms;
therefore the synset for an adverb usually contains a lexical pointer to
the adjective from which it is derived.
See wndb <wndb.5WN.html>(5WN) <wndb.5WN.html> for a detailed description
of the database files and how the data are represented.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS >
Many terms used in the WordNet Reference Manual are unique to the
WordNet system. Other general terms have specific meanings when used in
the WordNet documentation. Definitions for many of these terms are given
to help with the interpretation and understanding of the reference
manual, and in the use of the WordNet system.
In following definitions word is used in place of word or collocation .
adjective cluster
A group of adjective synsets that are organized around antonymous
pairs or triplets. An adjective cluster contains two or more head
synsets which represent antonymous concepts. Each head synset has
one or more satellite synsets . attribute
A noun for which adjectives express values. The noun weight is an
attribute, for which the adjectives light and heavy express values. base
form
The base form of a word or collocation is the form to which
inflections are added. basic synset
Syntactically, same as synset . Term is used in wninput
<wninput.5WN.html>(5WN) <wninput.5WN.html> to help explain
differences in entering synsets in lexicographer files. collocation
A collocation in WordNet is a string of two or more words, connected
by spaces or hyphens. Examples are: man-eating shark , blue-collar ,
depend on , line of products . In the database files spaces are
represented as underscore (_ ) characters. coordinate
Coordinate terms are nouns or verbs that have the same hypernym .
cross-cluster pointer
A semantic pointer from one adjective cluster to another. derivationally
related forms
Terms in different syntactic categories that have the same root form
and are semantically related. direct antonyms
A pair of words between which there is an associative bond resulting
from their frequent co-occurrence. In adjective clusters , direct
antonyms appears only in head synsets . domain
A topical classification to which a synset has been linked with a
CATEGORY, REGION or USAGE pointer. domain term
A synset belonging to a topical class. A domain term is further
identified as being a CATEGORY_TERM, REGION_TERM or USAGE_TERM. entailment
A verb X entails Y if X cannot be done unless Y is, or has been, done.
exception list
Morphological transformations for words that are not regular and
therefore cannot be processed in an algorithmic manner. group
Verb senses that similar in meaning and have been manually grouped
together. gloss
Each synset contains gloss consisting of a definition and optionally
example sentences. head synset
Synset in an adjective cluster containing at least one word that has
a direct antonym . holonym
The name of the whole of which the meronym names a part. Y is a
holonym of X if X is a part of Y . hypernym
The generic term used to designate a whole class of specific
instances. Y is a hypernym of X if X is a (kind of) Y . hyponym
The specific term used to designate a member of a class. X is a
hyponym of Y if X is a (kind of) Y . indirect antonym
An adjective in a satellite synset that does not have a direct
antonym has an indirect antonyms via the direct antonym of the head
synset . instance
A proper noun that refers to a particular, unique referent (as
distinguished from nouns that refer to classes). This is a specific
form of hyponym. lemma
Lower case ASCII text of word as found in the WordNet database index
files. Usually the base form for a word or collocation. lexical pointer
A lexical pointer indicates a relation between words in synsets
(word forms). lexicographer file
Files containing the raw data for WordNet synsets, edited by
lexicographers, that are input to the grind program to generate a
WordNet database. lexicographer id (lex id)
A decimal integer that, when appended onto lemma , uniquely
identifies a sense within a lexicographer file. monosemous
Having only one sense in a syntactic category. meronym
The name of a constituent part of, the substance of, or a member of
something. X is a meronym of Y if X is a part of Y . part of speech
WordNet defines "part of speech" as either noun, verb, adjective, or
adverb. Same as syntactic category . participial adjective
An adjective that is derived from a verb. pertainym
A relational adjective. Adjectives that are pertainyms are usually
defined by such phrases as "of or pertaining to" and do not have
antonyms. A pertainym can point to a noun or another pertainym. polysemous
Having more than one sense in a syntactic category. polysemy count
Number of senses of a word in a syntactic category, in WordNet. postnominal
A postnominal adjective occurs only immediately following the noun
that it modifies. predicative
An adjective that can be used only in predicate positions. If X is a
predicate adjective, it can only be used in such phrases as "it is X
" and never prenominally. prenominal
An adjective that can occur only before the noun that it modifies:
it cannot be used predicatively. satellite synset
Synset in an adjective cluster representing a concept that is
similar in meaning to the concept represented by its head synset .
semantic concordance
A textual corpus (e.g. the Brown Corpus) and a lexicon (e.g.
WordNet) so combined that every substantive word in the text is
linked to its appropriate sense in the lexicon via a semantic tag .
semantic tag
A pointer from a word in a text file to a specific sense of that
word in the WordNet database. A semantic tag in a semantic
concordance is represented by a sense key . semantic pointer
A semantic pointer indicates a relation between synsets (concepts). sense
A meaning of a word in WordNet. Each sense of a word is in a
different synset . sense key
Information necessary to find a sense in the WordNet database. A
sense key combines a lemma field and codes for the synset type,
lexicographer id, lexicographer file number, and information about a
satellite's head synset , if required. See senseidx
<senseidx.5WN.html>(5WN) <senseidx.5WN.html> for a description of
the format of a sense key. subordinate
Same as hyponym . superordinate
Same as hypernym . synset
A synonym set; a set of words that are interchangeable in some
context without changing the truth value of the preposition in which
they are embedded. troponym
A verb expressing a specific manner elaboration of another verb. X
is a troponym of Y if to X is to Y in some manner. unique beginner
A noun synset with no superordinate .
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